US beef prices are soaring. Will Trump’s plans lower them?

Beef prices have gotten so high in the US that it has become a political problem.

Even US President Donald Trump, who long ago declared inflation “dead”, is talking about it, as the issue threatens to undercut his promises to bring down grocery prices for Americans.

This week, he took to social media, urging ranchers to lower prices for their cattle.

But his demand – and other proposals his administration has floated to address the issue – has sparked a backlash among ranchers, who worry some of his solutions will make it harder for them to make a living, while making little dent at the grocery store.

The number of beef cattle farmers and ranchers in the US has dwindled steadily since 1980, reducing domestic supplies and driving up prices, as demand remains high.

The country’s cattle inventory has fallen to its lowest level in nearly 75 years, while the US has lost more than 150,000 cattle ranches since 2017 – a 17% drop, according to the Agriculture Department.

Ranchers say they are under pressure from four decades of consolidation among the meat processors that buy their livestock, while high costs for key inputs like fertiliser and equipment have intensified the strain.

The contraction in the industry has worsened as several years of drought have forced ranchers to slash their herd sizes.

Christian Lovell, a cattle rancher in Illinois, says parts of his farm that were lush and grassy when he was a child have now dried up, limiting where his cows can graze.

“You put all these together and you have a recipe for a really broken market,” says Mr Lovell, who works with advocacy group Farm Action.

Retail prices for beef mince rose 12.9% in the 12 months to September, and beef steaks were up 16.6%, according to US inflation data published on Friday by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

A pound of ground chuck – richer mince from the neck and shoulder of cows – now costs an average of $6.33 (£4.75), compared to $5.58 a year ago.

The increases have significantly outpaced general food inflation, which stood at 3.1%.

“The cattle herd has been getting smaller for the last several years, yet people are still wanting that American beef – hence the high prices,” says Brenda Boetel, a professor of agricultural economics at the University of Wisconsin, River Falls.

Derrell Peel, a professor of agricultural economics at Oklahoma State University, says he expected prices to remain elevated until at least the end of the decade, noting that it takes years to replenish herds.

The Trump administration’s “hands are tied” when it comes to interventions that will help lower prices, he adds.

The Agriculture Department unveiled what it called a “big package” this week aimed at ramping up domestic beef production by opening more land for cattle grazing and supporting small meat processors.

That proposal came after Trump drew the ire of ranchers when he proposed importing more beef from Argentina, potentially quadrupling US purchases.

Eight House Republicans responded with a letter expressing concerns about the plans.

Even the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, which has voiced support for Trump’s policies in the past, said the import plan “only creates chaos at a critical time of the year for American cattle producers, while doing nothing to lower grocery store prices”.

Trump responded by assuring farmers that he was helping them in other ways, noting that tariffs that were limiting imports from Brazil.

“It would be nice if they would understand that, but they also have to get their prices down, because the consumer is a very big factor in my thinking, also,” Trump wrote.

But that has failed to quell the furore.

Justin Tupper, president of the US Cattlemen’s Association, says only the big four meat packers would benefit from Trump’s import plan in his view.

“I don’t see that lowering prices here at all,” he says.

Some say the US government could make an impact if it focused on the way a handful of companies dominate the market for meat processing.

Today, just four firms control more than 80% of the beef slaughtering and packing market.

“These are consolidated markets gouging ranchers and gouging consumers at the store,” said Austin Frerick, an agricultural and antitrust policy expert and a fellow at Yale University.

The meat processing firms – Tyson, JBS, Cargill and National Beef – have faced several lawsuits, including one filed by McDonald’s alleging that they colluded to inflate the price of beef.

Though Trump revoked a Biden-era order earlier this year directing agencies to tackle corporate consolidation across the food supply chain, his administration has taken other steps to investigate competition issues in the agricultural industry.

Mike Callicrate runs a cattle ranch in St Francis, Kansas. He says the only way he has managed to stay in the industry was by cutting out the middleman and setting up his own stores to reach consumers directly.

But he acknowledged that most ranchers do not have the money to make that shift. Many have left the industry – and see no incentive to jump back in.

“We’re not going to rebuild this cow herd – not until we address market concentration,” Mr Callicrate says.

He adds that he supported the Agriculture Department’s plans to open up more cattle grazing land.

“But unless we have a market”, anyone would be a “fool to get into the cattle business”, he says.

Bill Bullard found himself in the first wave of ranchers pushed out as the meat processing industry started to consolidate in the early 1980s.

He closed down his 300-cow operation in South Dakota in 1985.

Now the chief executive of R-CALF USA, a cattle producer trade association, he says it was only in the last year or so that ranchers had received good prices for their livestock, as supply dropped to such a low level that the prices paid by meat processors “simply had to increase”.

Still, reliance on imports and meat packers’ buying power persists, Mr Bullard says, meaning ranchers “lack confidence in the integrity of the marketplace” and remain reluctant to grow their herds.

He says he does not have confidence that the president’s ideas would fix the issues.

“He’s focused on the symptoms and not the problems.”